Inclusive Practice in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comprehensive Practice in Social Work - Essay Example Authorizing such a law is only one of the procedures of advancing comprehensive practice in the instruction part in light of the fact that the administration puts enough systems to guarantee that even kids from poor foundations get to quality training similarly as those from well of families. Different states must follow a similar model and receive such arrangements to guarantee that training is open and moderate to all youngsters. Right to quality human services is one of the basic rights revered in the constitutions of most nations. As an expert human services specialist working in the medicinal services segment, I will guarantee that I treat all the customers similarly. I will serve them with deference and as per the acknowledged proficient set of accepted rules and I won't separate anybody on whatever premise. As I offer my administrations to the customers, I will likewise have a similar plan to them that they grasp comprehensive practice at whatever limit they are in. I will attempt to impact my partners to do likewise, to demonstrate regard to all customers and treat them in an altruistic way paying little mind to their social, financial or strict foundations. In the consideration homes, the best way to cause customers to feel at home is to treat them well paying little mind to their conditions or social standings. The vast majority of the old individuals experience the ill effects of degenerative and non-transmittable ailments, for example, diabetes, joint inflammation and hypertension. Giving them love and permitting them to take an interest in dynamic makes them increasingly proactive. Identifying with their circumstances isn't an answer, rather it is essential to support and assist them with beating their difficulties. Comprehensive practice in such a setting is tied in with allowing the older to all make their contribution to the general public and recognizing that they additionally have a ton to offer. Thusly, comprehensive practice in social work is something significant practice that must be energized in social settings, for example, schools,

Federalists VS Jeffersoneans Essay -- essays papers

Federalists VS Jeffersoneans As for the government Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are normally portrayed as exacting constructionists who were against the wide constructionism of the Federalists. As history directs, this is seen as significantly precise. Federalists were firm devotees to the creation of a solid focal government and an expansive understanding of the Constitution. Notwithstanding, the Democratic Republicans accepted that the administration ought to follow a severe translation of the Constitution and held this would permit legit portrayal of the individuals and forestall government debasement. Thomas Jefferson was the main impetus behind the Democratic Republicans, who were the fundamental resistance of the Federalists. Practically contradicting the Federalists on each issue, he wanted to make impressive measure of changes to the framework once he came into power. That he did when he was introduced March 4, 1801. In his discourse, he focused on the requirement for a legislature of constrained forces, economy in the national organization, backing of state governments in the entirety of their privileges, quiet submission in larger part choices, the conservation of common freedoms, and harmony, business, and fair companionship with all countries, and snaring collusions with none. Once in office, the Alien and Sedition Acts which were set by the federalists to control open cynicism towards the gathering and to set constraints to outsiders in the US were not ...

Global Fellows Program at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Global Fellows Program at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I am pleased to announce a program that has been in the works for quite some time.   SIPA has officially launched a new Global Fellows Program. The program will bring to campus each year a distinguished group of global leaders, each of whom has played a significant role in designing, shaping, or implementing solutions to critical global problems. The first cohort of SIPA Global Fellows will include Former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, Former Chancellor of Austria Alfred Gusenbauer, and Tung Chee Hwa, Former and first Chief Executive of Hong Kong. The Global Fellows will serve as important resources for academic and professional programs across the University through public lectures, seminar meetings with faculty and students, mentoring SIPA students, and providing advice on research and teaching in their areas of knowledge and experience. “The Global Fellows Program expands on a long tradition at Columbia, in particular at SIPA, of engaging world leaders in the research and educational mission of the university,” according to SIPA Dean John Coatsworth. “From the Columbia World Leaders forum, to special lectures and ongoing collaborative research projects, policymakers from around the world serve as a bridge between Columbia’s faculty, and students and a global community that faces tough policy issues on a daily basis,” he said. Coatsworth acknowledged the support of Columbia President Lee Bollinger, who helped to recruit Annan and provided support for his new role at the University. Coatsworth also credited SIPA Advisory Board member James Leitner for supporting the appointment of Mr. Gusenbauer as the first Leitner Global Fellow. Gusenbauer presented a series of seminars co-sponsored by the European Institute earlier this month. For more information on the Columbia-SIPA Global Fellows Program, please click here.

Wuthering Heights Social Class - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1616 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Wuthering Heights Essay Did you like this example? Emily Bronts novel Wuthering Heights tells one of the most famous love stories in the English language. Throughout the novel Nelly Dean, a servant at both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, shares the love story between Heathcliff, a gypsy boy who is found on the streets of Liverpool and is rescued by Mr. Earnshaw, and Catherine, the daughter of Mr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Wuthering Heights Social Class" essay for you Create order Earnshaw who forms a passionate attachment to Heathcliff. When Heathcliff is lowered to the position of a farmhand and Catherine decides to marry Edgar Linton instead, Heathcliff turns to revenge. He is determined to degrade everyone who sought to degrade him. At the time when this novel takes place, people were born into a class and stayed there: if your parents were rich and respected like Edgars, you would be, too; if your parents were servants like Nelly Deans, you probably would be one too. Social mobility the idea that you can change your class status (usually for the better) was not commonplace (Meler). In Emily Bronts novel Wuthering Heights, the theme of social class is shown throughout the novel, creating conflicts for the characters of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. When reading the novel, it is clear to see that the storys setting and characters at both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange supply an unambiguous comprehension of the social contrast between the houses, The Earnshaws and Lintons are both part of a social class named the gentry, which is similar to the upper-middle class (Meler). However, Bront makes it very clear that Thrushcross Grange is a far more superior manor to the farmhouse at Wuthering Heights, While the Heights is depicted as simply typical and domestic,(Bront 80) the Grange is described as a scene of unprecedented richness (Meler). The two houses are neighbors yet they Heathcliff, Catherine, and Hindley live pretty much cut off from the outside world at Wuthering Heights and their only friends are the people that live there(Meler). Heathcliff and Catherines close bond probably comes from this aspect, where they only really had each other when growing up. It is not until Heathcliff and Catherine stumble upon the Lint on family in Thrushcross Grange that their relationship begins to change due to the fact that Catherine starts feeling a sort of societal pressure that she did not feel before, Catherine does not consider personal feelings, but instead, she focuses on her outward appearance to societywealth justifies social class, and Catherine strives to achieve high status (Meler). She regrets this when Heathcliff returns to the Heights, He had grown a tall, athletic, well-formed man His upright carriage suggested the idea of his having been in the army. His countenance was much older in expression and decision of feature than Mr. Lintons; it looked intelligent, and retained no marks of former degradation (Bronte 83). During the time he was away from the Heights, Heathcliff worked hard to raise his social rank. No longer could Edgar and Hindley treat Heathcliff like a servant like they did when Catherine first came back to the Heights. Heathcliff, you may come forward,.. You may come and wish Miss Catherine welcome, like the other servants (Bront 47). Heathcliff newly obtained social status gave him the power to own both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. However, he chose to live in Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff let Thrushcross Grange, and preferred living in a situation and residence so much inferior (Bronte 28). Social class was something he never really cared about. He only ever wanted Catherine to marry him. Though far apart, Thrushcross Granges capitalism of social class destroys the natural and humane elements of Wuthering Heights creating the pressure to need a high social class In the novel, it is clear to see that how the characters act and present themselves causes many problems with how they are treated. Each house is associated with the behavior fitting their description, The Lintons are relatively firm in their gentrys status but nonetheless take great pains to prove this status through their behaviors. The Earnshaws, on the other hand, rest on much shakier ground socially(Meler). When growing up, Catherine was always a rambunctious child. There were no other ladies around so she was never taught how a lady should act. This made it easier for Catherine and Heathcliff to get along. When stumbling across Thrushcross Grange, Catherine is badly hurt by one of the Lintons dogs. The Lintons bring Catherine inside and thinking that Heathcliff is nothing more than a servant tell him to go away. Instead of leaving, Heathcliff watches,When Heathcliff watches Catherine through the window of Thrushcross Grange he watches the Lintons comb Catherines hair and wash h er wounded foot, his purpose is to determine whether she wants to be rescued he waited by the window to determine if Catherine needed him. (Apter 70) Her stay at the Linton house is when Catherine is introduced to the life of being a proper lady. Never once did she think about Heathcliff. Catherine stayed at Thrushcross Grange for five weeks. When she does return, there is no longer a wild, hatless little savage jumping into the house, and rushing to squeeze us all breathless (Bront 46) like the Earnshaws remembered instead therelighted from a handsome black pony a very dignified person, with brown ringlets falling from the cover of a feathered beaver, and a long cloth habit, which she was obliged to hold up with both hands that she might sail in (Bront 46). During her stay she at Thrushcross Grange she forgot all about how Heathcliff acted and presented himself. So when she sees him again she laughs and calls him dirty. Heathcliff is greatly hurt by this and he later asks Nelly to help him look presentable. Heathcliffs manners improve as he becomes a higher class. A half-civilized ferocity lurked yet in the depressed brows and eyes full of black fire, but it was subdued; and his manner was even dignified: quite divested of roughness, though too stern for grace (Bronte 83). The son of Hindley, Hareton should be the heir to Wuthering Heights. With land and standing, he ought to be a gentleman. However, Heathcliff refuses to educate him, and everyone else mostly ignores him, so his manners (a very important indicator of class status) are rough and gruff. (Meler) Lower classes do not always get to learn manners and have the ability to present themselves in a dignified way. In the novel, the characters must present themselves well or they will be overlooked and seen as nothing. Lastly, in the novel, it is clear to see that social status in marriage is a huge part of the social contrast between Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Catherine, throughout the novel, showed different types of love for two different people. Her love for Heathcliff was her everything, it was her identity to love and live for Heathcliff but as soon as she found out how society views Heathcliff, she sacrificed their love and married Edgar Linton in the hopes of saving Heathcliff from Hindley and protecting him from the eyes of the world.Did it never strike you that if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars? Whereas if I marry Edgar, I can aid Heathcliff to rise and place him out of my brothers power. (Bront 71) Catherine thought she could slip beneath passions net and take the offer of Edgars pleasant love, but she is destroyed by her defiance. Her own emotional greed she thought he would be satisfied by her own inward assurance that they were one person. Her passion wa s so real that marriage to her had no reality. (Apter 72) Catherine was going to marry Edgar because of his wealth and status. By marrying Edgar, it would give her a name she can be proud of and the people would envy her. he will be rich, and I shall like to be the greatest women of the neighbourhood, and I shall be proud of having such a husband(Bront 69). This marked the lost of innocence for Catherine because she now knows the rules of society. She used to be so close to Heathcliff that she told Nelly I am Heathcliff(Bront 101). Their naturally formed union has been broken by Catherines marriage and now they must struggle for possession of one another. This struggle is a desperate attack; they cannot be gentle with one another; they must be ruthless in their attempt to maintain their hold upon one another(Apter 71). Edgar knew that Catherine loved Heathcliff more than she would ever love him. Because of this he despises Heathcliff and banes his daughter from ever going to Wutheri ng Heights.His rival destroys his happiness a second time by kidnapping his adolescent daughter, Catherine. The blow is so devastating that Edgar soon dies of grief(Bloom 23). Heathcliff would not have bothered with Edgar Linton and his family had Catherine not married Edgar(Apter 68). In Emily Bronts novel Wuthering Heights, the theme of social class is shown throughout the novel, creating conflicts for the characters of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange.The characters in the novel are affected by social classes in how they should act, how they are treated, and who they can marry, The social class conflicts added to Heathcliffs bitterness because he was rejected by his love due to his social class. It drove Heathcliffs ambition to become wealthier after Catherine marries Edgar instead of him. The social contrast between Heathcliff and Edgar, along with Catherines want to be wealthy, ultimately resulted in her marrying the man she was less happy with (Meler). If it wasnt for the social classes seen in the novel, the characters of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange wouldnt have to deal with the struggles they did.

Essay about The Grapes of Wrath - Lifestyle in the 1930s

The Grapes of Wrath is a historical and fictional novel that was written by John Steinbeck in 1939. He wanted to show his point of view of life in US during the years of Great Depression. This essay will talk about the lifestyle the public had during that time which dramatically changed conditions that the environment in we stern part of US had. The plot of Steinbeck?s work of fiction is rooted in the historical and social events of 1930s America, specifically the environmental disaster in Oklahoma. Drought had been a serious problem for the Great Plains region of the United States for many decades prior to the 1930s. Meanwhile, poor farming techniques of numerous sharecroppers had decimated the agricultural capacity of the land, the†¦show more content†¦Grandpa Joad, who complains that he does not want to leave his land, dies on the road after the family?s departure. As the Joads near California, they hear warning rumors of a depleted job market. One migrant tells Pa that m ore than twice more people show up than needed for work and that his own children have starved to death. Soon after they reached their destination, they lose three members of the family. Grandma dies, Noah, the oldest of the Joad children, and Connie, the husband of pregnant Rose of Sharon, abandon the family. As Joads come to California, they observe overcrowded camps that are full of starving migrants. Work is almost impossible to find or pays such a small salary that the whole family cannot earn enough money for food. While staying in a camp known as a ?Hooverville,? Tom and several men get into an intense argument with a deputy sheriff over whether workers should organize into a union. After that, Tom knocks the sheriff unconscious, but Jim Casy is arrested. Police officers announce their intention to burn the Hooverville. A government-run camp proves much friendlier to the Joads, and the family soon finds many friends and some work. Although the life in that camp for the family is pleasant, they cannot survive without steady work, and they must move on. Joads starts to pick fruit, but soon find out that they are getting a decent pay only because they have been hired to break a worker?s strike. Tom meets Jim Casy, after beingShow MoreRelatedThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck, widely viewed as one of the most finest and powerful American writer, born to a middle-class family in 1902 in the Salinas Valley of California. Steinbeck is a writer who often spoke for the people. The Grapes of Wrath is a great movie, published in 1939, filled with many universal truths and views on human nature and society, especially where class is concerned. In the article, John Steinbeck The Grapes a wrath: A Call to Action says, â€Å"Steinbeck’s novel showcasedRead MoreBabylon Revisited And The Grape Of Wrath Analysis1059 Words   |  5 PagesBoth Babylon Revisited and The Grape of wrath are stories that capture and explain the difficulties and the changes that occurred in peoples lives as a result of the Great Depression of 1929. Babylon Revisited explores life after the recession with its setting being in the 1930s. It explains the economical downfall of individuals during the recession and how they view the life before the recession, during the rec ession, and after the recession. The Grape of Wrath is set in the recession time withRead MoreGrapes of Wrath Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath, many concepts appear that were noted in How to Read Literature Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster. However, the three chapters of Foster’s how-to guide that most apply to Steinbeck’s novel were â€Å"It’s All About Sex†¦,† â€Å"Every Trip is a Quest (Except When It’s Not),† and â€Å"It’s More Than Just Rain or Snow.† On more than one occasion these concepts are hidden within the book, and two of them actually seem somewhat linked together. After reading between the lines, The Grapes of WrathRead MoreSymbolism Of The Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath 2259 Words   |  10 Pages Symbols In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family experiences many hardships on the journey to and in California, ranging from dying family members to a lack of sufficient food. In the third chapter of the novel, author John Steinbeck introduces a determined turtle who attempts to make its journey across a highway. The turtle is apparently nearly run over multiple times, and is actually hit by a car. This causes the turtle to be flipped on its shell, until it catches its footing and â€Å"littleRead MoreA Change in Perception: The Evolution of Entertainment, 1920-19621782 Words   |  8 Pageschanges. From the Roaring Twenties to the Great Depression, and from the Dust Bowl to the ideal 50s, entertainment evolved to suit an ever changing nation. In D.W. Griffiths film, Way Down East, a young woman seeks out financial assistance from her wealthier family members. In this film in particular an ever widening separation between the classes is evident. In John Fords The Grapes of Wrath, and The Salt of the Earth, a change has occurred within the sexes, and within the struggles of workingRead MoreDependence On What Matters The Most : Rough Draft2755 Words   |  12 Pagesunparalleled time period was known as The Great Depression. The Depression changed many lives drastically in a melancholy way and brought out the real values in people that were never seen before. 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It tells the story of one family’s hardship during the Depression and the Dust Bowl of the 1930’s. The Joads were a hard-working family with a strong sense of togetherness and morals; they farmed their land and went about their business without bothering anyone. When the big drought came it forced them to sell the land they had lived on since beforeRead More A classic example of socialism is John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath2431 Words   |  10 PagesSteinbecks The Grapes of Wrath The idea of socialism has transcended down in history; from the proletariat fighting for rights in France to Marxist revolutions and Leninists in Russia. Socialism is the helping of the laboring class; more so it is the uprising and asserting of power of the laboring class. A classic example of socialism is John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath. Many people thought this book was an attack on America, due to its social views. Grapes of Wrath was not a book

A Case Study On Banque Accord A Closer Look Free Essays

Banque Accord is a subsidiary of financial giant the Auchan Group1. Founded in 1983, Banque Accord was established in two stages: In 1983, with the issuance of â€Å"Accord† retail cards in Auchan’s hypermarkets; and, in 1987, with Auchan’s acquisition of Banque Delort, a subsidiary and affiliate of the banking group known as Credit Commercial de France2. Auchan subsequently called its newly acquired bank as â€Å"Banque Accord 3. We will write a custom essay sample on A Case Study On Banque Accord: A Closer Look or any similar topic only for you Order Now   Ã¢â‚¬  The newly acquired bank’s mission was to customize the rules that have proven successful in the area of retail distribution and bring it to the financial services field, by allowing consumers to avail of simple yet innovative discounted products and services. 4 Essentially, Banque Accord operates as a bank aligned with the credit and retail industries in general5. Put simply, Banque Accord brings electronic banking functions to retailers, and payment and financing options like cards and consumer credit, closer to its consumers. As a rule, the purchase of financial resources is backed by sound ratings from globally respected institutions like Moodys and Standard Poor. For the year 2006, Banque Accord received higher ratings compared to the previous year6. Moody’s gave the bank an A2 grade, while SP gave it an A or â€Å"Stable† rating7. To note, the word â€Å"Accord† suggests being able to agree on â€Å"financial solutions† for the company’s clients8. The dynamism of Banque Accord, which eventually became well-respected in international financial circles, is due to the fact that it is wholly-owned by a bank and a retail group. Since its inception, Banque Accord has noteworthy achievements, four of which are9: (1) consolidating – in the same organization – electronic banking, issuing of retail cards and providing credit to consumers; (2) creating a network of banking instruments in shopping centers; (3) an ever-widening range of goods and products available to clients (such as payment card facilities and services, revolving credit, traditional credit, and the like. 10); and (4) its takeover of Egg France in 2004, permitting direct online access under the monicker Oney. fr/ These factors, combined with the marketing genius of its Chief Executive Officer Damien Guermonprez, Banque Accord has evolved in 2006, into an international presence with operations in nine countries, and a database of 4,800,000 customers11. 1 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 2) 2 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) 3 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 4) 4 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 4) 5 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 16) 6 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 16) 7 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 16) 8 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) 9 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) 10 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) 11 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) Banque Accord: A Case Study 1 In Banque Accord’s financial disclosures for 2006, the company reflected a EUR353,167,000 increase in assets in just 12 months12. Banque Accord also reported a net income of EUR34,413,000 in 2005, as compared to EUR24,206,000 in 200413. Despite the potential for further international growth, Banque Accord has to contend with possible areas of difficulties, which include14: (a) the use of mobile phones as potential replacement for bank cards in transactions; (b) innovations in consumer credit; and (c) the development of e-business in the retailing industry. Regardless of these trends that Banque Accord has to contend with, the bank continue to be innovative and continues to explore newer concepts to maintain its prestige and originality in the banking and retail industries. 12 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 17) 13 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 17) 14 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 17) 15 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) Banque Accord: A Case Study 2 I. The Auchan Group Founded in 1961 by Gerard Mulliez, the Auchan Group started out in the North area of France with one hypermarket, which, simply defined, is a commercial complex which combines a department store with a supermarket16. Currently, in 2006, the Auchan Group runs 360 hypermarkets spread across 11 countries. In France, Auchan operates 654 supermarkets 17. Since the inception of Auchan, the company’s vision has remained the same. That is, to improve the purchasing power of its customers 18. Banque Accord is an Auchan subsidiary which has developed an identity of its own within the Auchan Group. Nevertheless, Banque Accord’s mission is identical to Auchan’s, and in essence, the bank has a dual vision 19: †¢ customer oriented: providing its clients with a means to purchase; and †¢ corporate oriented: assisting Auchan in maximizing turnover and revenue, therefore aiding the Group to reduce costs. Accordingly, Banque Acord’s mission, â€Å"The bank for consumers† is aimed towards Auchan’s clients at the hypermarkets 20. Banque Accord achieves its mission by making available to Auchan’s clients, certain services like discounted financial options and payments which are directly accessible to these clients. Being a part of the Auchan Group is a contributing factor to Banque Accord’s human resources practices: By training a group of responsible professionals who consider their jobs fulfilling, the company is able to achieve growth and guarantee their clients quality service21. II. Banque Accord’s Internal Strengths In studying the case of Banque Accord, one is accosted with the company’s inherent strengths. Whatever weaknesses there might be for the company, these are easily addressed based on the operating standards adopted by the Bank. Nevertheless, inherent strengths of Banque Accord include: A. European Market Share The modes of payment offered by Banque Accord is characterized by diverseness, regulatory and technical issues and the intricacy of the value chain of the industry22. Cash payment is predominant in 16 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 4) 17 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 4) 18 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 5) 19 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 5) 20 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 5) 21 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 5) 22 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) Banque Accord: A Case Study 3 Spain, Italy and Germany23. However, majority of Banque Accord’s clients in Great Britain and France use bank cards24. The bank card is considered a â€Å"pivotal† product for the company that issued it25. The card can be very much compared to a traditional bank’s checking or current account, which is most convenient for customers to use. Retailers or outlets that have tie-ups with bank cards are able to sell â€Å"progressively†, in coordination with various financial services like cross-selling or up-selling26. The European market where Banque Accord mainly operates was reportedly worth EUR930 billion in outstanding credit in 2005 (Source L’observateur Cetelem), and is manifesting fast growths in many countries27. Within Europe, where Banque Accord operates, there are distinct differences between countries. In Great Britain for example, the average outstanding credit per household is double that of France’s28. In simple words, buyers in Great Britain have greater use for bank cards than customers in France do. The differences between countries may be attributed to diverse cultural orientations, regulatory requirements and marketing procedures29. Another example is: frequently, young people are refused credit on the grounds that they do not have a stable means of paying it. On the other hand, it is quite common for a consumer to accumulate excessive credit30. A solution to this would be the use of regulatory systems and which monitor and prevent bad debts. B. Positioning and Diverse Services The business of Banque Accord is30: (a) issuing different types of payment cards like for example, retail cards, gift cards and bank cards; (b) proffering consumer credit and other related services; and (c) managing its retail partners electronic processing of monetary transactions. Electronic Banking is a technical service directly given by Banque Accord to its retailers, which is a source of pride to the bank31. Its electronic banking services is geared towards functioning as a bank – â€Å"receiving† transactions – providing the support in the retailers’ issuance of cards, managing authorization, 23 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) 24 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) 25 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) 27 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) 28 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 8) 29 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 8) 3-0 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 8) 31 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) Banque Accord: A Case Study 4 2005, to form a division called CardOps33. Being owned by a retailing group, Banque Accord’s aim is ATMS, payment terminals, etc 32. Banque Accord’s electronic banking services were grouped together in proximity to its customers, and minimizing costs of electronic banking. The core business of Banque Accord is the issuing of a range of cards, which have different functions. The bank’s cards may be a type of payment, a retailer’s marketing tool, a â€Å"support† product of the bank that is incorporated in its associated services34. It is widely said that an Accord card may be likened to a Swiss Knife with flexibility in functions — credit card, payment card and loyalty card 35. Various examples of an Accord card’s use are36: (a) Sample 137: Card Type : Retail Card Function : A payment card issued or released by retailer Banque Accord: Auchan cradholders total 4,000,000 in Europe, and the card is accepted by other retailers (b) Sample 238: Card Type : Loyalty Card Function : Retailer’s marketing instrument which could be used to attract and maintain a loyal base of clients Banque Accord: N/A (c) Sample 339: Card Type : Bank Card Function : A traditional card issued by banks, this card may be used overseas Banque Accord: MasterCard Accord and VisaCard Accord (d) Sample 440: Card Type : Gift Card 32 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) 33 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) 34 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) 35 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) 36 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 37 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 38 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 39 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 40 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) Banque Accord: A Case Study 5 Function : This type of card may be utilized to personalize service, and enhances customer relationships. Banque Accord: Auchan Gift Card Hence a card is useful to: ? the retailer, because it can be used as a marketing instrument and promotes consumer loyalty; and ? the consumer, because it is convenient means of financing and payment41 There is a distinct connection between owning a card, how the type of card benefits the customer and the retailer, and the amount of business the customer does with the retailer42. It is established that a customer who has access to credit through cards increases his or her purchasing power. A client who has no card hardly visits a retailer in a month, owning a loyalty card enables a customer to make three visits. Having a retail card allows the client to make four visits per month to the favorite retailer and having a bank card gives the client the opportunity to make at least five visits to the retailer 42. Banque Accord boasts of an orientation which is discount-oriented and customer-oriented43. Banque Accord has two selling and pricing concepts44: — annual subscription; and — cash back, which is defined as the money paid to the customer related t his or her card use. For example in France, Banque Accord gives a 40% discount incentive to annual subscribers for a refular Visa Card, and 60% discount on a Visa Premiere Card45. Based on the spending habits of the customers, an annual subscription increases the potential for the cleints’ purchasing statistics. Other Financial Products Apart from cards, Banque Accord also offers its clients other services, lilke46: (1) in-store credit wherein the individual retailers define their own credit policies along with different formulas for achieving revenue; (2) personal loans, which are granted to customers as a come-on, at interest rates based on current market prices; (3) revolving credit, which is built up by a credit reserve; 41 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 42 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 43 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 44 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 45 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 12) 46 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) Banque Accord: A Case Study 6 (4) Auchan savings account; (5) life insurance, which is a tieup with Suravenir and offers life plans at simple and reduced costs; and (6) non-life insurance. As evidenced by the wide range of â€Å"other† services that Banque Accord offers, its value chain is distinguished by a huge number of product alliances47. Thus, Banque Accord has been known for its flexibility. As a result, the bank has largely-increased the potential spending capacity of its client-base. Sometimes, the bank’s products are managed by other partners — at times their competitors — depending on which country the operation is in48. How to cite A Case Study On Banque Accord: A Closer Look, Free Case study samples

Team Creation Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction The establishment and development of squads has become a focal point by its directors due to its potency of increasing productive capacity. coaction and cooperation in the organisation. However. there is besides a realisation that carry throughing such an nonsubjective requires direction and development accomplishments that are every bit sensitive to the single members and the developed group individuality. This in bend involves the proper choice of group or squad members. alliance to collective nonsubjective and single engagement and engagements of members in the squad attempts. Harmonizing to Ancona and Bresman ( 2007 ) . there is greater respect for squads to heighten map and public presentation: this is based on the belief that squads create platforms for synergism. In a similar mode. Sawyer ( 2008 ) points out that the ability of directors and other organisation leaders to entree squad potency and long-run feasibleness of the organisation. its members and even its external stake holders. Membership and Organization In the illustration provided for by Ancona and Bresman ( 2007 ) in their word picture of squad elements. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Creation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page they point out that squad member choice consists of the designation of assorted functions or places. including functional. managerial and supportive 1s. and fiting prospective members’ accomplishments and organisational functions to team rank demands. Harmonizing to Stowell and Mead ( 2007 ) . it is pre-requisite prior to the composing of the squad to place strategic aims. clip frames. stakeholders and likely results. They point out that this will function as a base of mention for squads when they come into operation every bit good as create a point of proof for the development or organisation of future squads. A figure of attacks have been utilized in squad member choice. the standard for the attack is most frequently dependent on the nonsubjective demands and accomplishments demand. Lencioni ( 2005 ) points out nevertheless that a strictly functional attack in squad choice creates relational exposures and limits the positions of the squad. Thus. many modern-day surveies and research on squad organisation have shifted from this position to suggest a collaborative attack to team member choice. This implies that squad members should non merely consist of persons who perform the maps of the squad but besides the inclusion of directors. leaders or incentives and external specializers for holistic theory. Team Building Schemes Sawyer ( 2008 ) places great accent on squad edifice schemes. He believes that in making so even squads that were non initiated decently or had limited success can be engineered to increase their competences. possible and productiveness. Furthermore. the suggestion is that squad edifice schemes are non limited to professional or proficient development there should be equal. if non greater accent on developing trust. cooperation and coaction among team members. This sentiment is besides reflected in Lencioni ( 2005 ) : they suggest the establishment of duologue. heightening trust. committedness and answerability among members of the squad to other tem members and to the squad itself. These can be implemented through the development of squad workshops. group treatments. establishment of unfastened communicating systems and planing squad roadmaps. aims. schemes and support systems collaboratively. Stowell and Mead ( 2007 ) besides point out the demand to make chances for squad members to interact outside of work scenes or maps to increase their acquaintance with each other’s personalities. working manners or positions. This degree of consciousness and familiarity will besides be critical in the event of struggles among team members or crises that the squad will may hold to cover with in the hereafter. Team Conflict Management As mentioned. the more that the squad works or interacts together. the greater the degree of exposure or familiarity they have with each other. Though the aim is to make consciousness and tolerance among members. such work and relational scenes besides create a platform for struggles. Harmonizing to Lencioni ( 2005 ) . it can be expected that squad members will meet other squad members whose positions. positions or working manners are in struggle or merely non suited to another. This is in portion due to the continuity of individualism regardless of the degree of group coherence. Therefore. the higher the degree of diverseness within the organisation. the higher the border of possible struggle. Sawyer ( 2008 ) besides believes that struggles are portion of the power kineticss of the squad and as such. ironically are portion of the teams’ attempt to set up order or hierarchy. Therefore. the aim for squad directors is non the absolute bar of struggle but instead its direction and declaration ( Ancona and Bresman. 2007 ) . This will imply an appraisal of the background. work and public presentation of members with each other and the development of schemes including the control over propinquity of members who have a history of struggle or the constitution of mediation options where direct contact can non be avoided. Progressive research on the direction of squad struggle nevertheless emphasizes declaration instead than bar ( Lencioni. 2005 ) . This perspective suggests that the intercession that is needed is the constitution of duologue among conflicting or perchance conflicting parties and the development of a work system between them. Mentions Ancona. Deborah and Bresman. Henrik ( 2007 ) . X-teams: How to Construct Teams That Lead. Innovate and Succeed. Harvard Business School Press Lencioni. Patrick M. ( 2005 ) . Get the better ofing the Five Dysfunctions of a Team: A Field Guide for Leaders. Managers. and Facilitators. New York: Jossey-Bass Sawyer. Keith ( 2008 ) . Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration. London: Basic Books Stowell Steven J. and Mead. Stephanie S. ( 2007 ) . The Team Approach: With Teamwork Anything Is Possible. New York: CMOE Press

Free Essays on A Focus On Mothers

A Focus on Mothers Sweet Mystery, by Judith Paterson, Distant Son, by Norman McMillan, and My Mother’s Witness, a biography by Carolyn Haines, are all books that focus a great deal on a mother figure. That is to say that in each book the mother played a central role in the author’s life or, in the case of My Mother’s Witness, the mother played a central role in Peggy’s life, whom the book is written about. The mothers in these books; Emily, in Sweet Mystery, Lucille, in Distant Son, and Inez, in My Mother’s Witness, made such an impact on their children’s lives that the children have actually written, or have had someone else write, their own life stories, which heavily includes their mother’s role in each of their lives. Looking closely at each mother figure, there are several aspects that are very similar in each of their lives that the women handled in sometimes very different ways. Rearing children in a male dominated society, dealing with povert y, attitude toward the children, and attitude toward the children’s education are some of the aspects that lend themselves to comparison between the three mothers. Emily Paterson, Lucille McMillan, and Inez Albritton all reared their children in the Deep South in the early to mid 1900’s in a world that was heavily dominated by men. Each of the women handled this predicament differently. Emily Paterson, in what initially appears to be an attempt to fit-in with her husband’s way of life, gave in to drinking alcohol, which was so much a part of her husband’s life. She also, when she was mentally able, did her best to ensure her husband would be happy – even at her own expense. Judith Patterson points out that Emily lost touch with many of her friends after she and her husband, Duke, married, because Duke was uncomfortable with the group of women. But Emily never gave Duke complete control over her life. Judith Patterson, writing about her mother’s refus... Free Essays on A Focus On Mothers Free Essays on A Focus On Mothers A Focus on Mothers Sweet Mystery, by Judith Paterson, Distant Son, by Norman McMillan, and My Mother’s Witness, a biography by Carolyn Haines, are all books that focus a great deal on a mother figure. That is to say that in each book the mother played a central role in the author’s life or, in the case of My Mother’s Witness, the mother played a central role in Peggy’s life, whom the book is written about. The mothers in these books; Emily, in Sweet Mystery, Lucille, in Distant Son, and Inez, in My Mother’s Witness, made such an impact on their children’s lives that the children have actually written, or have had someone else write, their own life stories, which heavily includes their mother’s role in each of their lives. Looking closely at each mother figure, there are several aspects that are very similar in each of their lives that the women handled in sometimes very different ways. Rearing children in a male dominated society, dealing with pover ty, attitude toward the children, and attitude toward the children’s education are some of the aspects that lend themselves to comparison between the three mothers. Emily Paterson, Lucille McMillan, and Inez Albritton all reared their children in the Deep South in the early to mid 1900’s in a world that was heavily dominated by men. Each of the women handled this predicament differently. Emily Paterson, in what initially appears to be an attempt to fit-in with her husband’s way of life, gave in to drinking alcohol, which was so much a part of her husband’s life. She also, when she was mentally able, did her best to ensure her husband would be happy – even at her own expense. Judith Patterson points out that Emily lost touch with many of her friends after she and her husband, Duke, married, because Duke was uncomfortable with the group of women. But Emily never gave Duke complete control over her life. Judith Patterson, writing about her mother’s refus...

Lets Just Prosecute to the FULL extent of the Law.

Lets Just Prosecute to the FULL extent of the Law. Lets Just Prosecute to the FULL extent of the Law. Lets Just Prosecute to the FULL extent of the Law. By Maeve Maddox Philip Dragonetti writes: Another word that drives me up the wall is fullestas in: Violators will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Would someone please tell me how the fullest extent of the law is greater than the full extent of the law? I agree with Philip that full is sufficient when speaking of the extent of the law. Thats not to say that fullest extent is always superfluous. For example: â€Å"I live every day to its fullest extent and I dont sweat the small stuff.† Olivia Newton-John Taking shelter in the dead is death itself, and only taking all the risk of life to the fullest extent is living.† Rabindranath Tagore The use of fullest in these examples is acceptable because the extent to which life can be lived depends upon external factors such as health and opportunity. The law, on the other hand, is determinate. The extent is set. You may prosecute someone to the full extent of the law. The superlative form fullest is not required. By now the expression the fullest extent of the law has taken on the character of a clichà ©. It is annoyingly imprecise, but its probably not going to go away. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"Acronym vs. Initialism50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

Research Problem Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Problem Statement - Essay Example Dennis & Meola (2009) give an example of UK firms, which lose approximately 19 million dollars daily due to bad management. This is moderately attributable to the firm’s wastage of time due to their leader’s inefficiency. It is evident that the significant bits of organization include its management to great extents. For a business to address the needs of its employees, leaders, and consumers, it needs proper management. Therefore, it becomes extremely problematic for organizations to realize acceptable profits when they have such poor management. Most entities fail because their managers focus on increasing their sales and quality of their goods. Indeed such categories of headship do not care about the general organization of their institutions, hence increasing management problems. This makes them forget their roles in control and organizing, as well as the workers’ roles. The goals of many businesses entail increasing the outputs and lowering the expenses. A b alance of these two ideas of increment in output and expense reduction obviously qualifies for perfect management. Conversely, these are short-term benefits because the businesses success depends on the long-term benefits, which entail motivating the personnel, but most administrators ignore this. The motivation of employees helps in the creation of a functional business environment (Dennis & Meola, 2009). Evidently, this functional business is devoid of poor management and all the negativities associated with such leadership. The sub problems evident from the question above include Poor leadership Poor communication Poor organizational structure Organizational culture Decision-making Policies Possible Sub-problems Poor Leadership Hypothesis Leaders with good leadership skills will motivate the employees. If organizational leaders involve the workers in the management of the business, the business will perform highly Brief Description Effective management entails good leadership and proper communication. Poor leadership tendencies are the most noticeable management problems in businesses. According to Dennis & Meola (2009), some leaders in organizations are incompetent making organizations fail to realizing their goals because of their inability to foresee the business challenges (Dennis & Meola, 2009). Additionally, they fail to challenge the employees making the workers perform poorly. Poor leaders are usually inexperienced and cannot handle conflicts in an organization. As such, the inability to control conflicts by the leaders in a firm is a sign of poor management. In Poor Decision Making Hypothesis Proper decision making in an organization will increase the corporate efficiency Brief Description Another sub-problem, which is common in the corporate institutions, is the phenomenon of decision-making. Evidently, decision-making affects the operation of organizations to exemplary levels. When there is poor management running any organization, it is obvious that the consequent decisions will be inappropriate. An organization only achieves its goals and other ultimatums if the management makes proper decisions. It then becomes a chief problem when these decisions present challenges to the behavior of the human resources. Certain decisions, which the management of the organization makes, affect the organization because of the mentioned relationship. Therefore, an organization has trouble when relevant decision making departments fail to

Economic science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic science - Essay Example In order to fully comprehend the phenomena of transaction cost and/or evolutionary economics, it is imperative that the concept of management accounting be fully understood as well. Management accounting may be defined in various manners. It is basically related to the use of accounting information by managers of organizations. It helps them in making prudent and timely decisions to run their businesses in an efficient and effective manner. "Transaction Cost Economics concerns itself with markets and hierarchies as alternative governance mechanisms for completing a set of transactions. Market forms of governance tend to rely on prices, competition, and contracts to keep all parties to an exchange informed of their rights and responsibilities it is based on two assumptions about economic actorseconomic transactions are intendedly rational, but only limitedly so and economic actors seek self-interest with guile." (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3933/is_199811/ai_n8812605/print) According to Williamson (1996), this type of economics is basically related to the, "governance of contractual relations" and it consists of three levels which can be easily understood by means of the schematic diagram shown below: The institutional environment helps us to understand and define that "rules of the game". This includes all those factors that may influence or result in a change in the "comparative governance costs leading to a reconfiguration of economic organization". Williamson has basically defined governance to be of three types; market, hybrid and hierarchy. The individual basically is a, "result of the strict assumption of opportunism (i.e., self -interest seeking with guile) and human cognition is subject to bounded rationality (i.e., "intendedly rational, but only limitedly so"). In addition, TCE views governance as the means, "by which to infuse order, thereby to mitigate conflict and realize mutual gains the key purpose of organization on which transaction cost economics focuses is that of adaptation, of which two kinds were distinguished: autonomous adaptation in response to changes in relative prices, and cooperative adaptation accomplished through administration. Not only do transactions have differing "needs" for adaptations of these two kinds, but governance structures have differing capacities to supply autonomous and cooperative adaptation". (Williamson 2000, pp. 12, 19-20) New Institutional Theory Oliver Williamson is popularly known as the founder of the New Institutional Theory (also called the Evolutionary Theories of Economics) and he also coined the term "institutional economics" in 1975. However, its origins can be traced back to the works of Coase (1937), Hayek (1937, 1945), Chandler (1962), Simon (1947), Arrow (1963), Davis and North (1971), Alchian and Demsetz (1972), Macneil (1978), Holmstrm (1979) and others. Various definitions for the new institutional theory can be found in literature. Rosenberg (2000,p. 70) has defined it as, "a mechanism blind variation and natural selection that operates everywhere and always throughout the universe." "The new institution

A Feminist Perspective of The Good Mother :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

A Feminist Perspective of The Good Mother   The Good Mother is carefully structured to make the reader identify strongly with the narrator Anna. The story begins with a close look at the intensely loving relationship between Anna and her daughter. We then learn some of Anna's family history and personal background which prepares us for the stark contrast made by her relationship with Leo. Though there are hints, as Anna relates her story, that Leo is now a part of her past, the reasons and details are withheld from the reader so that we feel as shocked as Anna by the phone call from her ex-husband, saying that he is going to fight for custody of Molly and why. The suspense during the court battle is sustained by the terse descriptions which focus on the facts of the events and the words spoken during the interviews and trial. Because of this reserve, although, like Anna, we fear that she will lose Molly, we are still stunned by the verdict and empathize with her feelings of loss, helplessness, and rage. I think the book is very well written and moving. But I am left wondering why Miller wrote this involving book with such a bittersweet ending, one that's much more sad than sweet. Did she simply want to depress us or to give us a portrait of someone we should feel sorry for? There's not much point in that, of course, so I doubt it. Was the book intended as some sort of moral lesson? The narrator clearly relates her own behavior to her past and her family, but I don't think Anna can be read as either a total victim or as a person who is fully to blame for her own fate as a result of having always made completely informed choices; she was certainly not making informed choices as a child or adolescent. Nor do I think we are supposed to fully blame Anna's family for her behavior; Anna herself says that she "had misread all the signals" (p. 129) from her mother's overwhelming family. Maybe Miller's intent was to make the reader ponder the reasons for a person feeling the way that Anna feels about herself. Why is she so full of guilt and shame and self-hatred? Like Ursula who asks Anna why she didn't fight harder to keep her daughter and Leo, I wonder why Anna responds the way that she does to events throughout her life. A Feminist Perspective of The Good Mother :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism A Feminist Perspective of The Good Mother   The Good Mother is carefully structured to make the reader identify strongly with the narrator Anna. The story begins with a close look at the intensely loving relationship between Anna and her daughter. We then learn some of Anna's family history and personal background which prepares us for the stark contrast made by her relationship with Leo. Though there are hints, as Anna relates her story, that Leo is now a part of her past, the reasons and details are withheld from the reader so that we feel as shocked as Anna by the phone call from her ex-husband, saying that he is going to fight for custody of Molly and why. The suspense during the court battle is sustained by the terse descriptions which focus on the facts of the events and the words spoken during the interviews and trial. Because of this reserve, although, like Anna, we fear that she will lose Molly, we are still stunned by the verdict and empathize with her feelings of loss, helplessness, and rage. I think the book is very well written and moving. But I am left wondering why Miller wrote this involving book with such a bittersweet ending, one that's much more sad than sweet. Did she simply want to depress us or to give us a portrait of someone we should feel sorry for? There's not much point in that, of course, so I doubt it. Was the book intended as some sort of moral lesson? The narrator clearly relates her own behavior to her past and her family, but I don't think Anna can be read as either a total victim or as a person who is fully to blame for her own fate as a result of having always made completely informed choices; she was certainly not making informed choices as a child or adolescent. Nor do I think we are supposed to fully blame Anna's family for her behavior; Anna herself says that she "had misread all the signals" (p. 129) from her mother's overwhelming family. Maybe Miller's intent was to make the reader ponder the reasons for a person feeling the way that Anna feels about herself. Why is she so full of guilt and shame and self-hatred? Like Ursula who asks Anna why she didn't fight harder to keep her daughter and Leo, I wonder why Anna responds the way that she does to events throughout her life.

Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) and the Just-In-Time model (JIT) Essay

1.0 INTRODUCTION It is very important that successful enterprises need efficient stock control management, especially in manufacturing companies and retail distribution. In business practice, we usually use many stock control models such as the Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) and Just-In-Time model (JIT). The purpose of this report is to indicate the rationale of EOQ and JIT models and detailed to explain the effectiveness in practice of the two models. Moreover, I decided to take the McDonald company as an example, which illustrate JIT model is being applied by McDonald company. In this report, by serious study and literature review, combined with refer to relevant books, search useful information from internet and my personal idea. I have examined concepts of EOQ and JIT models. Followed by discuss the rationale of them, and illustrate effectiveness of the two models in practice that we may fully understand the importance of EOQ and JIT systems in company’s daily operation. Finally, use JIT system in McDonald Company is presented. 2.0 THE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY MODEL AND JUST-IN-TIME MODEL 2.1 Definition 2.1.1 Economic Order Quantity model The Economic Order Quantity stock control model also called the economic lot size or economic production quantity, it affirms that â€Å"the optimal quantity of an inventory item to order at any time is that quantity that minimizes total inventory costs over planning period† (Horne and Wachowicz 1995, p.271). 2.1.2 Just-In-Time model The Just-In-Time stock control model â€Å"is an integrated set of activities designed to achieve high-volume production using minimal inventories of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods† (Aquilano et al. 2004, p.426). 3.0 THE BASIC ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY MODEL In 1913, F. W. Harris developed an EOQ model which has been applied widely. This model is being used in planning the purchase raw materials, and suppliers, and in planning purchases for wholesalers and retailers who resell products. 3.1 Assumptions of EOQ Model It is necessary to the inventory management that EOQ model is one of the most commonly approach. Use this model is relatively simple, however, according to Heizer and Render (2001, p.481), it must based on the following assumptions or conditions: Rate of demand is constant, known and independent. Lead time is certainty and constant, therefore, when the stock down to zero, the stock could be added at a precise time. Quantity discounts are impossible. The stock is immediate and complete. If ordered goods are in appropriate time, shortages can be prevent. Setup cost and holding or carrying cost are belong to variable costs. 3.2 The Objective of EOQ Model â€Å"The objective of the EOQ model is to determine the optimal quantity of inventory to order and the best time to place the order† (Dyclcman et al. 1990, p.630). In fact, the EOQ is balancing two inventory management costs: carrying cost and ordering costs. Dyclcman et al. argue (1990): Carrying costs include out-of-pocket costs such as storage, insurance, taxes and so on. Opportunity costs is related to the cost of investing capital in inventory rather than in other income-producing assets. Ordering costs include out-pf-pocket expenditures incurred every time an order is placed, such as handling, shipping, and so on. Dyclcman et al. (1990) make a further statement: Carrying costs and ordering costs demonstrate different cost behaviors relative to the level of inventory maintained. Carrying costs increase with the quantity of inventory maintained; ordering costs decrease with the quantity of inventory maintained. The more inventory kept on hand, the more storage, handling, and other such carrying costs are incurred. The larger the amount of inventory, the fewer number of orders needed to replenish the inventory and the smaller the amount of ordering costs. 3.3 Validity of the assumptions and model robustness Although the assumption of EOQ model shows highly restrictive, one advantage of EOQ model is that it is quite robust. As mentioned onwards, there are some assumptions will be dropped, like no quantity discounts, no shortages, no uncertainty in demand and lead time. On the other hand, â€Å"such as a constant demand rate and a constant holding cost per unit, can be violated somewhat without substantially reducing the accuracy of the solution† (Martinich 1997, p. 671). When the demand face seasonal changes, model can be changed to adapt to this situation. Martinich (1997) stated clearly: The important feature of EOQ model is that the function of total stocking cost is flat around the optimal order quantity. Estimating ordering cost per unit time and holding cost per unit time are very crucial, because they are not often very accurate. Therefore, the value computed for EOQ cannot equal the true optimal value. â€Å"However, because of the flatness of the total stocking cost function, even if the computed EOQ is 20%-30% different from the true optimal, the cost penalty is relatively small†(Martinich 1997, p.671). Robust is defined as â€Å"a model that gives satisfactory answers even with substantial variation in its parameters† (Heizer and Render 2001, p.486). As we mentioned above, it is difficult to decide accurate ordering costs and holding costs for inventory management. Thus, a robust model is very favorable and some errors do not cost us very much. This is because that the EOQ model is most convenient and it can accurately forecast demand, holding cost, and ordering cost is limited. 3.4 Fixed Order Point versus Fixed Order Interval Policy EOQ model is an approach of the fixed order point policy. According to Ellram et al. (1998, p.128): Throughout the ordering process, as long as the EOQ model was identified, a fixed quantity will be ordered every time. â€Å"An order is placed when inventory on hand reaches a predetermined minimum level necessary to satisfy demand during the order cycle.† An order will be generated through the automated inventory management system. Another reorder policy is the fixed order interval method. Use this method, we may set time interval, maybe every week. Under this method, many projects are bought by the same supplier. â€Å"A weekly order may be placed to reduce ordering costs and take advantages of purchase volume discounts and freight consolidation.† 4.0 JUST-IN-TIME PRODUCTION SYSTEM As we all know, the most effective stock management approach is JIT production control system over the past 50 years. The system is currently being used by many industries. 4.1 JIT Logic For the purpose of JIT system, it intend to use minimum inventories of raw materials, process of production, and finished goods to achieve high output. Need is based on the occurrence of product’s actual demand, otherwise nothing will be produced. Theoretically, if an item is sold, the market will pull a substitute in the system. â€Å"This triggers an order to the factory production line, where a worker then pulls another unit from an upstream station in the flow to replace the unit taken† (Aquilano et al. 2004, p.427). Then this upstream station pulls to further upstream and back to release of raw materials. To make this pull process more smoothly, JIT need high quality in every procedure, strong supplier relationships, and a very clearly demand for the final product. 4.2 Feature of JIT production system In JIT production system, Black et al. (1996, p.842) argue that it include three key features: 1). Operation of production line is based on demand-pull, as a result, each workstation’s activity is subject to the approval of the demand of downstream workstations. There are many approaches to use demand-pull feature, but the most common method is Kanban system which is the Japanese term for a visual record or card. Under Kanban system, use a kanban card to operate to authorized another operation to produce a given part of the special quantity. Black et al. (1996) provide an example: â€Å"suppose the assembly department of a muffler manufacture receives an order for 10 mufflers. The assembly department triggers productions of the 10 metal pipes it needs to make the 10 mufflers by sending a kanban card to the machining department, which then begins producing the pipes. When production is completed, the machining department attaches the kanban card to the box containing the mental pipes and ships the package downstream to the assembly department, which starts the cycle over again when it receives the next customer order.† 2). Each unit including the setup time and manufacturing lead time are minimized. When a product is prepare to begin in production line, then turned into finished products, the process of the elapse of the time is known as manufacturing lead time. Production of demand normally produced relatively small quantities, however, as long as setup times are small, it is cost-effective to produce product in small quantities. 3). If parts have defective and insufficient, the production line will cease operation. Each staff should attach great importance to reducing the occurrence of such problems like defective material parts. Conversely, under the traditional inventory management system, workers can ignore defective parts and continue to work because the inventory parts and work in process are huge. Hirsch et al. (1989, p.746) take a similar view, they have also added an important argument that total quality control (TQC) is often combined with JIT system. All the staff have become quality control inspection personnel, meanwhile, if products and materials are found to be not meeting quality standard, the production line should suspend operation. As long as this situation happened, it must be resolved as soon as possible. It means that workers have not impetus to ignore the fault in the early of production process stage, they had to stop their work process. 4.3 JIT Costing The fundamental difference between JIT method and other traditional methods is the treatment of the costs. According to Hirsch et al. (1989, p.746), under the traditional approach of costing, raw materials or reserves firstly get into an asset account, when they are transported. After these amounts are transferred into a work-in process account, they will be put into operation as raw materials. â€Å"Then, as the materials move from process to process they pass through a series of work-in-process accounts for each operation.† Eventually, when the product inventory through work-in-process account transfer to finished product inventory account. â€Å"With JIT the incoming materials are entered at cost directly into a material and work-in-process inventory account.† There is no series of work-in-process accounts for each process because there is very little work-in-process to account for. The value of material is diverted to finished product inventory account because the product has been completed. 4.4 JIT Purchasing In JIT purchasing, suppliers use the replacement principle of Kanban by using small, standard-size containers and make several shipments daily to each customer. JIT not only reduces in-process inventories by using Kanban, but also raw materials inventories are reduced by applying the same principles to suppliers as well. According to Frazier and Gaither (2001): the elements of JIT purchasing are as following: 1). Supplier development and supplier relations undergo fundamental changes. The nature of the relationships between customers and suppliers shifts from being adversarial to being cooperative. The Japanese call these relationships subcontractor networks and refer to suppliers as co-producers. 2). Purchasing departments develop long-term relationships with suppliers. The result is long-term supply contracts with a few suppliers rather than short-term supply contracts with many suppliers. 3). Although price is very important, delivery schedules, product quality, and mutual trust and cooperation become the primary basis of supplier selection. 4). Suppliers are encouraged to extend JIT approach to their own suppliers. 5). Suppliers are ordinarily located near the buying firm’s factory, or if they are some distance from the factory, they are often clustered together. This causes lead times to be shorter and more reliable. 6). Shipments are delivered to the customer’s production line directly. Because suppliers are encouraged to produce and supply parts at a steady rate that matches the use rate of the buying firm, company-owned hauling equipment tends to be preferred. 7). Parts are delivered in small, standard-size containers with a minimum of paperwork and in exact quantities. 8). Delivered material is of near-perfect quality. Because suppliers have a long-term relationship with the buying firms and because parts are delivered in small lot sizes, the quality of purchased materials tends to be higher. 5.0 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EOQ MODEL IN PRACTICE 5.1 Examination of EOQ Assumptions In the practice of business arena, although EOQ model enable to generate many good results, many limitations of EOQ model is combined with its own assumptions. Schroeder (1993, p.592) argued as following: 1). In practice, demand is assumed to be constant, but in many cases demand is shifty. 2). The unit cost is assumed constant, in practice, however, normally if the purchase of large quantities, it will gain quantities discounts. â€Å"This case needs a modification of the basic EOQ model and is treated in the chapter supplement.† 3). The material in the lot is assumed to arrive all at once, but in some cases material will be placed in inventory continuously as it is produced. This case is also treated in the supplement. 4). A single product is assumed, however, sometimes several projects were purchased through a single provider. Meanwhile they are being shipped at one time. 5). Suppose the setup cost is static, as a matter of fact, it is always decreased. These assumptions have been pointed out to illustrate the limitation of the basic EOQ model, nevertheless it is useful approximation in practice. The formula at least â€Å"puts you in the ballpark†, provided the assumptions are reasonably accurate. In addition, the total-cost curve is rather flat in the region of the minimum. Therefore the EOQ can be adjusted somewhat to conform to reality without greatly affecting the costs. The EOQ formula can also offer insight into economic behavior of inventories. For example, traditional turnover arguments suggest that inventory should increase directly with sales if a constant turnover ratio is desired. Since turnover is the ratio of sales to inventory, a doubling of sales will allow a doubling of inventory if the turnover rate is held constant. But the EOQ formula suggests that inventory should increase only with the square root of sales. This indicates that it is net economical to maintain a constant turnover ratio as sales increase; a higher turnover is indeed justified. It is important for financial manager that fully understand limitations and assumptions of the EOQ model will offer a strong base of making stock management decision. 5.2 EOQ Model Extension Obviously, through the above discussion, some assumptions of EOQ model are impractical. In order to make this model more useful, it is necessary to extension for EOQ model. Besley and Brigham (2005, pp.602-603) state clearly: To begin with, if there is a delay between the time inventory is ordered and  when it is received, the company have to reorder before it use up inventory. To avoid this, the firm can carry safety stock, which means â€Å"additional inventory carried to guard against unexpected changes in sales rates or production/shipping delays.† The amount of safety stock a company holds generally increase with a) the uncertainty of demand forecasts, b) the costs (in term of lost sales and lost goodwill) that result from stockouts, and c) the chances that delay will occur in receiving shipments. The amounts of safety stock decreases as the cost of carrying this additional inventory increase. Moreover, a company should consider when determining appropriate inventory level is whether its supplier provides discounts to purchase large quantities. It is unrealistic to suppose that the demand for the inventory is uniform in the year, the  EOQ model should not be based on an annual to applying. More appropriate approach should divide the year into the seasons like the spring, the summer, the fall, and the winter which sales are relatively constant; then the EOQ model can be applied separately to each periods. 6.0 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JIT IN PRACTICE In practice, we have already found that JIT system have its potential benefits and its problems. It is important to use that fully comprehension the merits and the problems of JIT system. 6.1 Typical Benefits of JIT Meredith and Shafer (2002, p.351) deem that JIT provide various advantage in real operation: Cost savings. There are many approaches to save cost. Such as inventory reduction, reduced scrap, fewer defect, less space, fewer changes due to both customers and engineering, decreased labor hours, less rework, reduced rework, and other such effects. Total savings range in the neighborhood of  20 to 25 percent, with significantly higher savings on individual categories such as inventory and defects. Revenue increases. Through high-quality product and satisfactory service to customers, revenue will be increased. Short lead time and rapidly reply to meet customer’s need lead to better margins and higher sales. The rapid research and development of new products and service will bring more revenues. Investment savings. Investment is saved through three primary effects. First, less space is needed for the same capacity. Second, inventory is reduced to the point that turns run about 50 to 100 a year. Third, the volume of work produced in the same facility is significantly increased, frequently by as much as 100 percent. Workforce improvement. JIT company’s employees are more satisfied with their work. They prefer the teamwork it demands, and they like the fact the fewer problems arise. They are also better trained for the flexibility and skills needed with JIT, and they enjoy the growth they experience in their jobs. â€Å"All this translates into better, more productive work.† Uncovering problems. One of the unexpected benefits is the greater visibility to problems that JIT allows, if management is willing to capitalize on the chance to fix these problems. In trying to speed up a process, all types of difficulties are uncovered and most of them are various from of waste so not only is response time but also is usually zero. 6.2 Potential Problems in Implementing JIT It is important that JIT system has some problems and limitations. According to Meredith and Shafer (2002, p.353), there are some difficulties and problems as following: First of all, JIT system is do for repetitive production case, including relatively standard products. It does not applicable to custom, continuous  flow, or project situation. JIT system is not long-term operations, because it is based on the identical mixed-model plans to operation in every day. Clearly, when setups need to spend a long time, JIT will not able to run continuously. JIT system often has setups, it also has frequent shipments and receipts. Therefore the company must be prepared for this too. JIT need principle as well. Production will cease, once products are not arrive on schedule, or flaws happen. Moreover, we have no other means or time to make up for mistakes. Production system must be used correctly, workers must fulfill their work seriously, otherwise run of JIT system will fail. Principle is usually linked with supply chain. The biggest problem to successful operation of JIT system is unrealistic deliveries from suppliers. For example: Suppose X company’s two important suppliers have already gone strike for several days, X company was forced to close 10 of its plants at a cost of almost $500 million in lost profits. When an important supplier their supply, JIT is very danger if there is no backup supplier. In addition, equally serious problem is when a comprehensive delivery service goes on strike, like UPS and FEDEX strike that idled thousands of business and caused a major disruption in the economy. Although other delivery service can sometimes fill in, they often cannot bring sufficient capacity to the problem to keep JIT operating without disruption. On the other hand, JIT is based on cooperation and trust among workers, managers, suppliers, customers, and so on. The current environment must be trust and competition is not exist, or else JIT will not run successfully. Trust and cooperation must also be extended to the external such as suppliers and customers. â€Å"With suppliers, this means moving to risky, single-source contracts and bringing an outsider into the project team, where there may be proprietary secrets.† 6.3 E-Commerce and JIT Purchasing Nowadays, JIT system combined with e-commerce, making the JIT purchasing has  become better to use in practice. E-commerce has already put up a advantage to JIT purchasing. There are some merits being showed: Reduce waste of time to deal with paper work and reduce the procurement lead time; labor costs are also reduced. â€Å"The bottom line is a more efficient and effective purchasing process† (Frazier and Gaither 2001, p.477). E-commerce can drive the use of Kanban between manufacturer and suppliers. Under method of Internet-based system, a manufacturer can electronically send Kanban to suppliers. E-Kanban and paper Kanban have identical functions, however they can provided to suppliers rapidly. 7.0 JIT SYSTEM IN MCDONALD COMPANY  ·What are the benefits for McDonald? The major benefits for McDonald are better food at a lower cost. McDonald Company has found something that allows them to improve quality and lower costs.  ·Improved Quality The less obvious benefit is the higher quality customer service that arises from the JIT burger assembly. When McDonald waits for you to order the burger, they do a few things to improve customer service. First of all, when you place a special order, it does not send McDonald’s into a panic that causes huge delays. Now that McDonald company is in the practice of waiting until you order a burger until they make it, they don’t freak out when they have to make a special order fresh just for you. This higher quality customer service is subject to McDonald ability to produce faster. Without this ability, McDonald’s ordering costs would be sky-high because the costs associated with ordering would be the loss of customers tired of ordering fast food that really isn’t fast. Second, JIT allows McDonald to adapt to demand a little bit better. Seemingly, lower inventory levels would cause McDonald’s bigger problems in a higher demand because they wouldn’t have their safety stock. However, because they can produce burgers in a record time, they don’t have to worry about their pre-made burger inventories running out in the middle of an exceptionally busy shift.  ·Lower Costs In McDonald, the holding costs for burger parts (beef, cheese, whatever other garbage they put on their burgers) are fairly high because of their spoilage costs. Frozen ground beef that’s good today might not be so good in a few months. Once cooked, the same ground beef’s spoilage rate shoots through the roof. Instead of having a shelf life of months or weeks, the burger needs to be sold within 15 minutes or so. The holding costs go from roughly 20% per week to 100% per hour.  ·Why use JIT? According to argument of Inventory management review (2005):  ·Economic Order Quantity Savings A large benefit of JIT is that it reduces the total cost of ordering and holding inventory. High holding costs is the nature of the fast food industry. JIT system allowed them to exploit the savings that were realized by holding less inventory. High holding costs and low ordering costs are the factors that drive JIT. Generally, it’s the ability to lower ordering costs that make it a feasible solution. McDonald was slave to the high holding costs. It was just the nature of their industry. The solution for them was that while they couldn’t lower holding costs, they could lower ordering costs. EOQ determines how much you should order and there are two factors that drive economic order quantities down: low ordering costs and high holding costs. Depending on the product and the industry, one or both of these qualities may exist in your operations. If they do, JIT may be right for you. Without the ability to make ordering costs low as a percentage of holding costs,  then there is no need for JIT. In fact, the increased frequency in ordering will result in cost increases.  ·Safety Stock Reductions The other aspect of JIT is the drastic reduction in safety stock. Two reasons result in safety stock exist: variability in demand and variability in lead times from suppliers (for McDonald company, the supplier is the internal production process). If lead time is shorter, which JIT tries to accomplish, then this part of the safety stock is smaller, this lowering safety stock inventory. McDonald company is accomplished this by creating a system that allowed a faster burger production (McDonald’s lead times are internal). On the other hand, If lead time has no variance or is reduced, then this term can be eliminated or at least reduced. Again, this is what JIT try to accomplish. McDonald company is accomplished by standardizing production. McDonald Company fully understand that a considerable amount of work needs to be done with suppliers/internal operations in order to accomplish the tasks of shortening lead times and reducing their variances. McDonald company has the resource to implement JIT system successfully. However, in competitive industries, JIT is not optimal for all the firms. JIT, like most management accounting techniques, is not a universal panacea, and some firms find it profitable like McDonald, Walmart, and so on; some are not. 8.0 CONCLUSION It should be said that stock management is prominent aspect of working capital management. For the purpose of control stock level, most of companies use EOQ and JIT models in practice. Efficiency gains in inventory management can bring significant improvement to overall company financial performance. However, no model has been fully satisfactory. The two models have advantages and disadvantages respectively. In general, although each  model will work well in certain environments, they may not work well in other environments. An inappropriate choice of system can be expensive mistake. Thus, it can be concluded that each company should choose own different stock control model with its own conditions and efficient inventory management can lead to better planning and business control. LIST OF REFERENCE Eric Smith, Joseph G. Louderback III, and Maurice. Hirsch 1989, _Cost Accounting in Australia: Accumulation, Analysis, and Use_, Published by Thomas Nelson, p.746. Richard B. Chase, F. Robert Jacobs, and Nicholas J. Aquilano 2004, _Operations Management for Competitive Advantage_, 10th edn., McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, pp.426-427. Jay Heizer and Barry Render 2001, _Operations Management_, Prentice-Hall Inc. New Jersey, pp.481-486. Joseph S. Martinich 1997, _Production and Operations Management: An Applied Modern Approach_, John Wiley & Sons Inc., p. 671. Lisa M Ellram, Douglas M. Lambert, and James R. Hock 1998, _Fundamental of Logistics Management_, Irwin/McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, p. 128. Charles T. H Orngren, George Foster, Srikant M. Datar, Terry Black, and Phil Gray 1996, _Cost Accounting in Australia: A Managerial Emphasis_, Prentice Hall Australia Pty Ltd., p. 842. James C. Van Horne and John M. Wachowicz Jr. 1995, _Fundamental of Financial Management_, Prentice-Hall International Inc., p. 271. Roger G. Schroeder 1993, _Operations Management: Decision Making in the Operations Function_, 4th edn., McGraw-Hill International Inc., p. 592. Scott Besley and Eugene F. Brigham 2005, _Essentials of Managerial Finance_, 13th edn., South-Western Thomson Publishing Company, pp. 602-603. Jack R. Meredith and Scote M Shafer 2002, _Operations Management for MBAs_, John Willey & Sons Inc., pp.351-353. Greg Frazier and Norman Gaither 2001, _Operations Management_, 9th edn., South-Western Publishing Company, pp.476-477. Inventory Management Review 2005, viewed 5 June 2007, . Thomas R. Dyclcman, Harold Bierman, and Reonald W. Hilton 1990, _Cost Accounting: Concepts and Managerial Application_, Pws-Kent Publishing Company, pp. 630-631.

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